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State of the art
The term "state of the art" refers to the highest level of general development, as of a device, technique, or scientific field achieved at a particular time. It also refers to the level of development (as of a device, procedure, process, technique, or science) reached at any particular time as a result of the common methodologies employed. The term has been used since 1910, and has become both a common term in advertising and marketing, and a legally significant phrase with respect to both patent law and tort liability. In advertising, the phrase is often used to convey that a product is made with the best possible technology, but it has been noted that "the term 'state of the art' requires little proof on the part of advertisers", as it is considered mere puffery.〔Timothy Borchers, ''Persuasion in the Media Age: Third Edition'' (2012), p. 85.〕 The use of the term in patent law, by contrast, "does not connote even superiority, let alone the superlative quality the ad writers would have us ascribe to the term".〔Jack Smith, "(Is 'State of the Art' Patently Ill Defined? )", ''Los Angeles Times'' (15 June 1988).〕
== Origin and history ==
The origin of the concept of "state of the art" took place in the beginning of the twentieth century.〔(), LetraMagna.com〕 The earliest use of the term "state of the art" documented by the Oxford English Dictionary dates back to 1910, from an engineering manual by Henry Harrison Suplee (1856-post 1943), an engineering graduate (University of Pennsylvania, 1876), titled ''Gas Turbine: progress in the design and construction of turbines operated by gases of combustion''. The relevant passage reads: "In the present state of the art this is all that can be done". The term, "art", itself refers to the useful arts, skills and methods relating to practical subjects such as manufacture and craftsmanship, rather than in the sense of the performing arts and the fine arts.〔George Washington used the term in a letter to Lafayette (29 Jan. 1798). Washington distinguished commerce from useful arts by stating, "While our commerce has been considerably curtailed for want of that extensive credit formerly given in Europe, and for default of remittance; the useful arts have been almost imperceptibly pushed to a considerable degree of perfection". ''The Writings of Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1732-1799'' (Fitzpatrick ed.). Other literary sources are collected in the United States Patent and Trademark Office's Supplemental Brief in ''In re Bilski'', p. 11 n.4 (useful arts are manufacturing processes).〕
Over time, use of the term increased in all fields where this kind of art has a significant role. In this relation it has been quoted by the author that "''Although eighteenth century writers did not use the term, there was indeed in existence a collection of scientific and engineering knowledge and expertise that can be identified as the state of the art for that time''".〔
Despite its actual meaning, which does not convey technology that is ahead of the industry, the phrase became so widely used in advertising that a 1985 article described it as "overused", stating that "()t has no punch left and actually sounds like a lie".〔''Executive'' (1985), Vol. 27, p. 56.〕 A 1994 essay listed it among "the same old tired clichés" that should be avoided in advertising.〔Mark Zweig, "Better Writing" (1994), republished in ''Management from A to Zweig: The Complete Works of Mark Zweig'' (2010), p. 115.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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